pikepdf Object Model

This section covers the object model pikepdf uses in more detail.

A pikepdf.Object is a Python wrapper around a C++ QPDFObjectHandle which, as the name suggests, is a handle (or pointer) to a data structure in memory, or possibly a reference to data that exists in a file. Importantly, an object can be a scalar quantity (like a string) or a compound quantity (like a list or dict, that contains other objects). The fact that the C++ class involved here is an object handle is an implementation detail; it shouldn’t matter for a pikepdf user.

The simplest types in PDFs are directly represented as Python types: int, bool, and None stand for PDF integers, booleans and the “null”. Decimal is used for floating point numbers in PDFs. If a value in a PDF is assigned to a Python float, pikepdf will convert it to Decimal.

Types that are not directly convertible to Python are represented as pikepdf.Object, a compound object that offers a superset of methods, some work only if the underlying type is suitable. You can use the EAFP idiom or isinstance to determine the type more precisely. This partly reflects the fact that the PDF specification allows many data fields to be one of several types.

For convenience, the repr() of a pikepdf.Object will display a Python expression that replicates the existing object (when possible), so it will say:

>>> catalog_name = pdf.root.Type
pikepdf.Name("/Catalog")
>>> isinstance(catalog_name, pikepdf.Name)
True
>>> isinstance(catalog_name, pikepdf.Object)
True

Making PDF objects

You may construct a new object with one of the factory functions:

These may be thought of as subclasses of pikepdf.Object. (Internally they are pikepdf.Object.)

There are a few other factory functions for special PDF objects that don’t map to Python as neatly. We’ll look at these later.

  • pikepdf.Operator - a special object involved in processing content streams
  • pikepdf.Stream - a special object similar to a Dictionary with binary data attached
  • pikepdf.Inlineimage - an image that is embedded in content streams

The great news is that it’s often unnecessary to construct pikepdf.Object objects when working with pikepdf. Python types are transparently converted to the appropriate pikepdf object when passed to pikepdf APIs – when possible. However, pikepdf sends pikepdf.Object types back to Python on return calls, in most cases, because pikepdf needs to keep track of objects that came from PDFs originally.

Because Python types are converted to pikepdf types, references will be lost.