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ustring.h File Reference

C API: Unicode string handling functions. More...

#include "unicode/utypes.h"
#include "unicode/uiter.h"

Go to the source code of this file.

Defines

#define U_COMPARE_CODE_POINT_ORDER   0x8000
 Option bit for u_strCaseCompare, u_strcasecmp, unorm_compare, etc: Compare strings in code point order instead of code unit order. More...

#define U_STRING_DECL(var, cs, length)   static const wchar_t var[(length)+1]={ L ## cs }
 Unicode String literals in C. More...

#define U_STRING_INIT(var, cs, length)

Typedefs

typedef void * UBreakIterator
 Simple declaration for u_strToTitle() to avoid including unicode/ubrk.h. More...


Functions

int32_t u_strlen (const UChar *s)
 Determine the length of an array of UChar. More...

int32_t u_countChar32 (const UChar *s, int32_t length)
 Count Unicode code points in the length UChar code units of the string. More...

UBool u_strHasMoreChar32Than (const UChar *s, int32_t length, int32_t number)
 Check if the string contains more Unicode code points than a certain number. More...

UChar * u_strcat (UChar *dst, const UChar *src)
 Concatenate two ustrings. More...

UChar * u_strncat (UChar *dst, const UChar *src, int32_t n)
 Concatenate two ustrings. More...

UChar * u_strstr (const UChar *s, const UChar *substring)
 Find the first occurrence of a substring in a string. More...

UChar * u_strFindFirst (const UChar *s, int32_t length, const UChar *substring, int32_t subLength)
 Find the first occurrence of a substring in a string. More...

UChar * u_strchr (const UChar *s, UChar c)
 Find the first occurrence of a BMP code point in a string. More...

UChar * u_strchr32 (const UChar *s, UChar32 c)
 Find the first occurrence of a code point in a string. More...

UChar * u_strrstr (const UChar *s, const UChar *substring)
 Find the last occurrence of a substring in a string. More...

UChar * u_strFindLast (const UChar *s, int32_t length, const UChar *substring, int32_t subLength)
 Find the last occurrence of a substring in a string. More...

UChar * u_strrchr (const UChar *s, UChar c)
 Find the last occurrence of a BMP code point in a string. More...

UChar * u_strrchr32 (const UChar *s, UChar32 c)
 Find the last occurrence of a code point in a string. More...

UChar * u_strpbrk (const UChar *string, const UChar *matchSet)
 Locates the first occurrence in the string string of any of the characters in the string matchSet. More...

int32_t u_strcspn (const UChar *string, const UChar *matchSet)
 Returns the number of consecutive characters in string, beginning with the first, that do not occur somewhere in matchSet. More...

int32_t u_strspn (const UChar *string, const UChar *matchSet)
 Returns the number of consecutive characters in string, beginning with the first, that occur somewhere in matchSet. More...

UChar * u_strtok_r (UChar *src, const UChar *delim, UChar **saveState)
 The string tokenizer API allows an application to break a string into tokens. More...

int32_t u_strcmp (const UChar *s1, const UChar *s2)
 Compare two Unicode strings for bitwise equality (code unit order). More...

int32_t u_strcmpCodePointOrder (const UChar *s1, const UChar *s2)
 Compare two Unicode strings in code point order. More...

int32_t u_strCompare (const UChar *s1, int32_t length1, const UChar *s2, int32_t length2, UBool codePointOrder)
 Compare two Unicode strings (binary order). More...

int32_t u_strCompareIter (UCharIterator *iter1, UCharIterator *iter2, UBool codePointOrder)
 Compare two Unicode strings (binary order) as presented by UCharIterator objects. More...

int32_t u_strCaseCompare (const UChar *s1, int32_t length1, const UChar *s2, int32_t length2, uint32_t options, UErrorCode *pErrorCode)
 Compare two strings case-insensitively using full case folding. More...

int32_t u_strncmp (const UChar *ucs1, const UChar *ucs2, int32_t n)
 Compare two ustrings for bitwise equality. More...

int32_t u_strncmpCodePointOrder (const UChar *s1, const UChar *s2, int32_t n)
 Compare two Unicode strings in code point order. More...

int32_t u_strcasecmp (const UChar *s1, const UChar *s2, uint32_t options)
 Compare two strings case-insensitively using full case folding. More...

int32_t u_strncasecmp (const UChar *s1, const UChar *s2, int32_t n, uint32_t options)
 Compare two strings case-insensitively using full case folding. More...

int32_t u_memcasecmp (const UChar *s1, const UChar *s2, int32_t length, uint32_t options)
 Compare two strings case-insensitively using full case folding. More...

UChar * u_strcpy (UChar *dst, const UChar *src)
 Copy a ustring. More...

UChar * u_strncpy (UChar *dst, const UChar *src, int32_t n)
 Copy a ustring. More...

UChar * u_uastrcpy (UChar *dst, const char *src)
 Copy a byte string encoded in the default codepage to a ustring. More...

UChar * u_uastrncpy (UChar *dst, const char *src, int32_t n)
 Copy a byte string encoded in the default codepage to a ustring. More...

char * u_austrcpy (char *dst, const UChar *src)
 Copy ustring to a byte string encoded in the default codepage. More...

char * u_austrncpy (char *dst, const UChar *src, int32_t n)
 Copy ustring to a byte string encoded in the default codepage. More...

UChar * u_memcpy (UChar *dest, const UChar *src, int32_t count)
 Synonym for memcpy(), but with UChars only. More...

UChar * u_memmove (UChar *dest, const UChar *src, int32_t count)
 Synonym for memmove(), but with UChars only. More...

UChar * u_memset (UChar *dest, UChar c, int32_t count)
 Initialize count characters of dest to c. More...

int32_t u_memcmp (const UChar *buf1, const UChar *buf2, int32_t count)
 Compare the first count UChars of each buffer. More...

int32_t u_memcmpCodePointOrder (const UChar *s1, const UChar *s2, int32_t count)
 Compare two Unicode strings in code point order. More...

UChar * u_memchr (const UChar *s, UChar c, int32_t count)
 Find the first occurrence of a BMP code point in a string. More...

UChar * u_memchr32 (const UChar *s, UChar32 c, int32_t count)
 Find the first occurrence of a code point in a string. More...

UChar * u_memrchr (const UChar *s, UChar c, int32_t count)
 Find the last occurrence of a BMP code point in a string. More...

UChar * u_memrchr32 (const UChar *s, UChar32 c, int32_t count)
 Find the last occurrence of a code point in a string. More...

int32_t u_unescape (const char *src, UChar *dest, int32_t destCapacity)
 Unescape a string of characters and write the resulting Unicode characters to the destination buffer. More...

typedef UChar (U_CALLCONV *UNESCAPE_CHAR_AT)(int32_t offset, void *context)
 Callback function for u_unescapeAt() that returns a character of the source text given an offset and a context pointer. More...

UChar32 u_unescapeAt (UNESCAPE_CHAR_AT charAt, int32_t *offset, int32_t length, void *context)
 Unescape a single sequence. More...

int32_t u_strToUpper (UChar *dest, int32_t destCapacity, const UChar *src, int32_t srcLength, const char *locale, UErrorCode *pErrorCode)
 Uppercase the characters in a string. More...

int32_t u_strToLower (UChar *dest, int32_t destCapacity, const UChar *src, int32_t srcLength, const char *locale, UErrorCode *pErrorCode)
 Lowercase the characters in a string. More...

int32_t u_strToTitle (UChar *dest, int32_t destCapacity, const UChar *src, int32_t srcLength, UBreakIterator *titleIter, const char *locale, UErrorCode *pErrorCode)
 Titlecase a string. More...

int32_t u_strFoldCase (UChar *dest, int32_t destCapacity, const UChar *src, int32_t srcLength, uint32_t options, UErrorCode *pErrorCode)
 Case-fold the characters in a string. More...

wchar_t * u_strToWCS (wchar_t *dest, int32_t destCapacity, int32_t *pDestLength, const UChar *src, int32_t srcLength, UErrorCode *pErrorCode)
 Converts a sequence of UChars to wchar_t units. More...

UChar * u_strFromWCS (UChar *dest, int32_t destCapacity, int32_t *pDestLength, const wchar_t *src, int32_t srcLength, UErrorCode *pErrorCode)
 Converts a sequence of wchar_t units to UChars. More...

char * u_strToUTF8 (char *dest, int32_t destCapacity, int32_t *pDestLength, const UChar *src, int32_t srcLength, UErrorCode *pErrorCode)
 Converts a sequence of UChars (UTF-16) to UTF-8 bytes. More...

UChar * u_strFromUTF8 (UChar *dest, int32_t destCapacity, int32_t *pDestLength, const char *src, int32_t srcLength, UErrorCode *pErrorCode)
 Converts a sequence of UTF-8 bytes to UChars (UTF-16). More...

UChar32u_strToUTF32 (UChar32 *dest, int32_t destCapacity, int32_t *pDestLength, const UChar *src, int32_t srcLength, UErrorCode *pErrorCode)
 Converts a sequence of UChars (UTF-16) to UTF32 units. More...

UChar * u_strFromUTF32 (UChar *dest, int32_t destCapacity, int32_t *pDestLength, const UChar32 *src, int32_t srcLength, UErrorCode *pErrorCode)
 Converts a sequence of UTF32 units to UChars (UTF-16). More...


Detailed Description

C API: Unicode string handling functions.

These C API functions provide general Unicode string handling.

Some functions are equivalent in name, signature, and behavior to the ANSI C <string.h> functions. (For example, they do not check for bad arguments like NULL string pointers.) In some cases, only the thread-safe variant of such a function is implemented here (see u_strtok_r()).

Other functions provide more Unicode-specific functionality like locale-specific upper/lower-casing and string comparison in code point order.

ICU uses 16-bit Unicode (UTF-16) in the form of arrays of UChar code units. UTF-16 encodes each Unicode code point with either one or two UChar code units. (This is the default form of Unicode, and a forward-compatible extension of the original, fixed-width form that was known as UCS-2. UTF-16 superseded UCS-2 with Unicode 2.0 in 1996.)

Some APIs accept a 32-bit UChar32 value for a single code point.

ICU also handles 16-bit Unicode text with unpaired surrogates. Such text is not well-formed UTF-16. Code-point-related functions treat unpaired surrogates as surrogate code points, i.e., as separate units.

Although UTF-16 is a variable-width encoding form (like some legacy multi-byte encodings), it is much more efficient even for random access because the code unit values for single-unit characters vs. lead units vs. trail units are completely disjoint. This means that it is easy to determine character (code point) boundaries from random offsets in the string.

Unicode (UTF-16) string processing is optimized for the single-unit case. Although it is important to support supplementary characters (which use pairs of lead/trail code units called "surrogates"), their occurrence is rare. Almost all characters in modern use require only a single UChar code unit (i.e., their code point values are <=0xffff).

For more details see the User Guide Strings chapter (http://oss.software.ibm.com/icu/userguide/strings.html). For a discussion of the handling of unpaired surrogates see also Jitterbug 2145 and its icu mailing list proposal on 2002-sep-18.

Definition in file ustring.h.


Define Documentation

#define U_COMPARE_CODE_POINT_ORDER   0x8000
 

Option bit for u_strCaseCompare, u_strcasecmp, unorm_compare, etc: Compare strings in code point order instead of code unit order.

Stable:
ICU 2.2

Definition at line 493 of file ustring.h.

#define U_STRING_DECL var,
cs,
length       static const wchar_t var[(length)+1]={ L ## cs }
 

Unicode String literals in C.

We need one macro to declare a variable for the string and to statically preinitialize it if possible, and a second macro to dynamically intialize such a string variable if necessary.

The macros are defined for maximum performance. They work only for strings that contain "invariant characters", i.e., only latin letters, digits, and some punctuation. See utypes.h for details.

A pair of macros for a single string must be used with the same parameters. The string parameter must be a C string literal. The length of the string, not including the terminating NUL, must be specified as a constant. The U_STRING_DECL macro should be invoked exactly once for one such string variable before it is used.

Usage:

 &#32;   U_STRING_DECL(ustringVar1, "Quick-Fox 2", 11);
 &#32;   U_STRING_DECL(ustringVar2, "jumps 5%", 8);
 &#32;   static UBool didInit=FALSE;
 &#32;
 &#32;   int32_t function() {
 &#32;       if(!didInit) {
 &#32;           U_STRING_INIT(ustringVar1, "Quick-Fox 2", 11);
 &#32;           U_STRING_INIT(ustringVar2, "jumps 5%", 8);
 &#32;           didInit=TRUE;
 &#32;       }
 &#32;       return u_strcmp(ustringVar1, ustringVar2);
 &#32;   }
 
Stable:
ICU 2.0

Definition at line 912 of file ustring.h.

#define U_STRING_INIT var,
cs,
length   
 

Stable:
ICU 2.0

Definition at line 914 of file ustring.h.


Typedef Documentation

typedef void* UBreakIterator
 

Simple declaration for u_strToTitle() to avoid including unicode/ubrk.h.

Stable:
ICU 2.1

Definition at line 25 of file ustring.h.


Function Documentation

typedef UChar U_CALLCONV *    UNESCAPE_CHAR_AT
 

Callback function for u_unescapeAt() that returns a character of the source text given an offset and a context pointer.

The context pointer will be whatever is passed into u_unescapeAt().

Parameters:
offset  pointer to the offset that will be passed to u_unescapeAt().
context  an opaque pointer passed directly into u_unescapeAt()
Returns:
the character represented by the escape sequence at offset
See also:
u_unescapeAt
Stable:
ICU 2.0

char* u_austrcpy char *    dst,
const UChar *    src
 

Copy ustring to a byte string encoded in the default codepage.

Adds a null terminator. Performs a UChar to host byte conversion

Parameters:
dst  The destination string.
src  The source string.
Returns:
A pointer to dst.
Stable:
ICU 2.0

char* u_austrncpy char *    dst,
const UChar *    src,
int32_t    n
 

Copy ustring to a byte string encoded in the default codepage.

Copies at most n characters. The result will be null terminated if the length of src is less than n. Performs a UChar to host byte conversion

Parameters:
dst  The destination string.
src  The source string.
n  The maximum number of characters to copy.
Returns:
A pointer to dst.
Stable:
ICU 2.0

int32_t u_countChar32 const UChar *    s,
int32_t    length
 

Count Unicode code points in the length UChar code units of the string.

A code point may occupy either one or two UChar code units. Counting code points involves reading all code units.

This functions is basically the inverse of the U16_FWD_N() macro (see utf.h).

Parameters:
s  The input string.
length  The number of UChar code units to be checked, or -1 to count all code points before the first NUL (U+0000).
Returns:
The number of code points in the specified code units.
Stable:
ICU 2.0

int32_t u_memcasecmp const UChar *    s1,
const UChar *    s2,
int32_t    length,
uint32_t    options
 

Compare two strings case-insensitively using full case folding.

This is equivalent to u_strcmp(u_strFoldCase(s1, n, options), u_strFoldCase(s2, n, options)).

Parameters:
s1  A string to compare.
s2  A string to compare.
length  The number of characters in each string to case-fold and then compare.
options  A bit set of options:
  • U_FOLD_CASE_DEFAULT or 0 is used for default options: Comparison in code unit order with default case folding.
  • U_COMPARE_CODE_POINT_ORDER Set to choose code point order instead of code unit order (see u_strCompare for details).
  • U_FOLD_CASE_EXCLUDE_SPECIAL_I
Returns:
A negative, zero, or positive integer indicating the comparison result.
Stable:
ICU 2.0

UChar* u_memchr const UChar *    s,
UChar    c,
int32_t    count
 

Find the first occurrence of a BMP code point in a string.

A surrogate code point is found only if its match in the text is not part of a surrogate pair. A NUL character is found at the string terminator.

Parameters:
s  The string to search (contains count UChars).
c  The BMP code point to find.
count  The length of the string.
Returns:
A pointer to the first occurrence of c in s or NULL if c is not in s.
Stable:
ICU 2.0
See also:
u_strchr , u_memchr32 , u_strFindFirst

UChar* u_memchr32 const UChar *    s,
UChar32    c,
int32_t    count
 

Find the first occurrence of a code point in a string.

A surrogate code point is found only if its match in the text is not part of a surrogate pair. A NUL character is found at the string terminator.

Parameters:
s  The string to search (contains count UChars).
c  The code point to find.
count  The length of the string.
Returns:
A pointer to the first occurrence of c in s or NULL if c is not in s.
Stable:
ICU 2.0
See also:
u_strchr32 , u_memchr , u_strFindFirst

int32_t u_memcmp const UChar *    buf1,
const UChar *    buf2,
int32_t    count
 

Compare the first count UChars of each buffer.

Parameters:
buf1  The first string to compare.
buf2  The second string to compare.
count  The maximum number of UChars to compare.
Returns:
When buf1 < buf2, a negative number is returned. When buf1 == buf2, 0 is returned. When buf1 > buf2, a positive number is returned.
Stable:
ICU 2.0

int32_t u_memcmpCodePointOrder const UChar *    s1,
const UChar *    s2,
int32_t    count
 

Compare two Unicode strings in code point order.

This is different in UTF-16 from u_memcmp() if supplementary characters are present. For details, see u_strCompare().

Parameters:
s1  A string to compare.
s2  A string to compare.
count  The maximum number of characters to compare.
Returns:
a negative/zero/positive integer corresponding to whether the first string is less than/equal to/greater than the second one in code point order
Stable:
ICU 2.0

UChar* u_memcpy UChar *    dest,
const UChar *    src,
int32_t    count
 

Synonym for memcpy(), but with UChars only.

Parameters:
dest  The destination string
src  The source string
count  The number of characters to copy
Returns:
A pointer to dest
Stable:
ICU 2.0

UChar* u_memmove UChar *    dest,
const UChar *    src,
int32_t    count
 

Synonym for memmove(), but with UChars only.

Parameters:
dest  The destination string
src  The source string
count  The number of characters to move
Returns:
A pointer to dest
Stable:
ICU 2.0

UChar* u_memrchr const UChar *    s,
UChar    c,
int32_t    count
 

Find the last occurrence of a BMP code point in a string.

A surrogate code point is found only if its match in the text is not part of a surrogate pair. A NUL character is found at the string terminator.

Parameters:
s  The string to search (contains count UChars).
c  The BMP code point to find.
count  The length of the string.
Returns:
A pointer to the last occurrence of c in s or NULL if c is not in s.
Draft:
This API has been introduced in ICU 2.4 @see u_strrchr @see u_memrchr32 @see u_strFindLast. It is still in draft state and may be modified in a future release.

UChar* u_memrchr32 const UChar *    s,
UChar32    c,
int32_t    count
 

Find the last occurrence of a code point in a string.

A surrogate code point is found only if its match in the text is not part of a surrogate pair. A NUL character is found at the string terminator.

Parameters:
s  The string to search (contains count UChars).
c  The code point to find.
count  The length of the string.
Returns:
A pointer to the last occurrence of c in s or NULL if c is not in s.
Draft:
This API has been introduced in ICU 2.4 @see u_strrchr32 @see u_memrchr @see u_strFindLast. It is still in draft state and may be modified in a future release.

UChar* u_memset UChar *    dest,
UChar    c,
int32_t    count
 

Initialize count characters of dest to c.

Parameters:
dest  The destination string.
c  The character to initialize the string.
count  The maximum number of characters to set.
Returns:
A pointer to dest.
Stable:
ICU 2.0

int32_t u_strCaseCompare const UChar *    s1,
int32_t    length1,
const UChar *    s2,
int32_t    length2,
uint32_t    options,
UErrorCode   pErrorCode
 

Compare two strings case-insensitively using full case folding.

This is equivalent to u_strCompare(u_strFoldCase(s1, options), u_strFoldCase(s2, options), (options&U_COMPARE_CODE_POINT_ORDER)!=0).

The comparison can be done in UTF-16 code unit order or in code point order. They differ only when comparing supplementary code points (U+10000..U+10ffff) to BMP code points near the end of the BMP (i.e., U+e000..U+ffff). In code unit order, high BMP code points sort after supplementary code points because they are stored as pairs of surrogates which are at U+d800..U+dfff.

This functions works with strings of different explicitly specified lengths unlike the ANSI C-like u_strcmp() and u_memcmp() etc. NUL-terminated strings are possible with length arguments of -1.

Parameters:
s1  First source string.
length1  Length of first source string, or -1 if NUL-terminated.
s2  Second source string.
length2  Length of second source string, or -1 if NUL-terminated.
options  A bit set of options:
  • U_FOLD_CASE_DEFAULT or 0 is used for default options: Comparison in code unit order with default case folding.
  • U_COMPARE_CODE_POINT_ORDER Set to choose code point order instead of code unit order (see u_strCompare for details).
  • U_FOLD_CASE_EXCLUDE_SPECIAL_I
Parameters:
pErrorCode  Must be a valid pointer to an error code value, which must not indicate a failure before the function call.
Returns:
<0 or 0 or >0 as usual for string comparisons
Stable:
ICU 2.2

int32_t u_strCompare const UChar *    s1,
int32_t    length1,
const UChar *    s2,
int32_t    length2,
UBool    codePointOrder
 

Compare two Unicode strings (binary order).

The comparison can be done in code unit order or in code point order. They differ only in UTF-16 when comparing supplementary code points (U+10000..U+10ffff) to BMP code points near the end of the BMP (i.e., U+e000..U+ffff). In code unit order, high BMP code points sort after supplementary code points because they are stored as pairs of surrogates which are at U+d800..U+dfff.

This functions works with strings of different explicitly specified lengths unlike the ANSI C-like u_strcmp() and u_memcmp() etc. NUL-terminated strings are possible with length arguments of -1.

Parameters:
s1  First source string.
length1  Length of first source string, or -1 if NUL-terminated.
s2  Second source string.
length2  Length of second source string, or -1 if NUL-terminated.
codePointOrder  Choose between code unit order (FALSE) and code point order (TRUE).
Returns:
<0 or 0 or >0 as usual for string comparisons
Stable:
ICU 2.2

int32_t u_strCompareIter UCharIterator   iter1,
UCharIterator   iter2,
UBool    codePointOrder
 

Compare two Unicode strings (binary order) as presented by UCharIterator objects.

Works otherwise just like u_strCompare().

Both iterators are reset to their start positions. When the function returns, it is undefined where the iterators have stopped.

Parameters:
iter1  First source string iterator.
iter2  Second source string iterator.
codePointOrder  Choose between code unit order (FALSE) and code point order (TRUE).
Returns:
<0 or 0 or >0 as usual for string comparisons
See also:
u_strCompare
Draft:
This API has been introduced in ICU 2.6. It is still in draft state and may be modified in a future release.

UChar* u_strFindFirst const UChar *    s,
int32_t    length,
const UChar *    substring,
int32_t    subLength
 

Find the first occurrence of a substring in a string.

The substring is found at code point boundaries. That means that if the substring begins with a trail surrogate or ends with a lead surrogate, then it is found only if these surrogates stand alone in the text. Otherwise, the substring edge units would be matched against halves of surrogate pairs.

Parameters:
s  The string to search.
length  The length of s (number of UChars), or -1 if it is NUL-terminated.
substring  The substring to find (NUL-terminated).
subLength  The length of substring (number of UChars), or -1 if it is NUL-terminated.
Returns:
A pointer to the first occurrence of substring in s, or s itself if the substring is empty, or NULL if substring is not in s.
Draft:
This API has been introduced in ICU 2.4 @see u_strstr @see u_strFindLast. It is still in draft state and may be modified in a future release.

UChar* u_strFindLast const UChar *    s,
int32_t    length,
const UChar *    substring,
int32_t    subLength
 

Find the last occurrence of a substring in a string.

The substring is found at code point boundaries. That means that if the substring begins with a trail surrogate or ends with a lead surrogate, then it is found only if these surrogates stand alone in the text. Otherwise, the substring edge units would be matched against halves of surrogate pairs.

Parameters:
s  The string to search.
length  The length of s (number of UChars), or -1 if it is NUL-terminated.
substring  The substring to find (NUL-terminated).
subLength  The length of substring (number of UChars), or -1 if it is NUL-terminated.
Returns:
A pointer to the last occurrence of substring in s, or s itself if the substring is empty, or NULL if substring is not in s.
Draft:
This API has been introduced in ICU 2.4 @see u_strstr @see u_strFindLast. It is still in draft state and may be modified in a future release.

int32_t u_strFoldCase UChar *    dest,
int32_t    destCapacity,
const UChar *    src,
int32_t    srcLength,
uint32_t    options,
UErrorCode   pErrorCode
 

Case-fold the characters in a string.

Case-folding is locale-independent and not context-sensitive, but there is an option for whether to include or exclude mappings for dotted I and dotless i that are marked with 'I' in CaseFolding.txt. The result may be longer or shorter than the original. The source string and the destination buffer are allowed to overlap.

Parameters:
dest  A buffer for the result string. The result will be zero-terminated if the buffer is large enough.
destCapacity  The size of the buffer (number of UChars). If it is 0, then dest may be NULL and the function will only return the length of the result without writing any of the result string.
src  The original string
srcLength  The length of the original string. If -1, then src must be zero-terminated.
options  Either U_FOLD_CASE_DEFAULT or U_FOLD_CASE_EXCLUDE_SPECIAL_I
pErrorCode  Must be a valid pointer to an error code value, which must not indicate a failure before the function call.
Returns:
The length of the result string. It may be greater than destCapacity. In that case, only some of the result was written to the destination buffer.
Stable:
ICU 2.0

UChar* u_strFromUTF32 UChar *    dest,
int32_t    destCapacity,
int32_t *    pDestLength,
const UChar32   src,
int32_t    srcLength,
UErrorCode   pErrorCode
 

Converts a sequence of UTF32 units to UChars (UTF-16).

Parameters:
dest  A buffer for the result string. The result will be zero-terminated if the buffer is large enough.
destCapacity  The size of the buffer (number of UChars). If it is 0, then dest may be NULL and the function will only return the length of the result without writing any of the result string (pre-flighting).
pDestLength  A pointer to receive the number of units written to the destination. If pDestLength!=NULL then *pDestLength is always set to the number of output units corresponding to the transformation of all the input units, even in case of a buffer overflow.
src  The original source string
srcLength  The length of the original string. If -1, then src must be zero-terminated.
pErrorCode  Must be a valid pointer to an error code value, which must not indicate a failure before the function call.
Returns:
The pointer to destination buffer.
Stable:
ICU 2.0

UChar* u_strFromUTF8 UChar *    dest,
int32_t    destCapacity,
int32_t *    pDestLength,
const char *    src,
int32_t    srcLength,
UErrorCode   pErrorCode
 

Converts a sequence of UTF-8 bytes to UChars (UTF-16).

Parameters:
dest  A buffer for the result string. The result will be zero-terminated if the buffer is large enough.
destCapacity  The size of the buffer (number of UChars). If it is 0, then dest may be NULL and the function will only return the length of the result without writing any of the result string (pre-flighting).
pDestLength  A pointer to receive the number of units written to the destination. If pDestLength!=NULL then *pDestLength is always set to the number of output units corresponding to the transformation of all the input units, even in case of a buffer overflow.
src  The original source string
srcLength  The length of the original string. If -1, then src must be zero-terminated.
pErrorCode  Must be a valid pointer to an error code value, which must not indicate a failure before the function call.
Returns:
The pointer to destination buffer.
Stable:
ICU 2.0

UChar* u_strFromWCS UChar *    dest,
int32_t    destCapacity,
int32_t *    pDestLength,
const wchar_t *    src,
int32_t    srcLength,
UErrorCode   pErrorCode
 

Converts a sequence of wchar_t units to UChars.

Parameters:
dest  A buffer for the result string. The result will be zero-terminated if the buffer is large enough.
destCapacity  The size of the buffer (number of UChars). If it is 0, then dest may be NULL and the function will only return the length of the result without writing any of the result string (pre-flighting).
pDestLength  A pointer to receive the number of units written to the destination. If pDestLength!=NULL then *pDestLength is always set to the number of output units corresponding to the transformation of all the input units, even in case of a buffer overflow.
src  The original source string
srcLength  The length of the original string. If -1, then src must be zero-terminated.
pErrorCode  Must be a valid pointer to an error code value, which must not indicate a failure before the function call.
Returns:
The pointer to destination buffer.
Stable:
ICU 2.0

UBool u_strHasMoreChar32Than const UChar *    s,
int32_t    length,
int32_t    number
 

Check if the string contains more Unicode code points than a certain number.

This is more efficient than counting all code points in the entire string and comparing that number with a threshold. This function may not need to scan the string at all if the length is known (not -1 for NUL-termination) and falls within a certain range, and never needs to count more than 'number+1' code points. Logically equivalent to (u_countChar32(s, length)>number). A Unicode code point may occupy either one or two UChar code units.

Parameters:
s  The input string.
length  The length of the string, or -1 if it is NUL-terminated.
number  The number of code points in the string is compared against the 'number' parameter.
Returns:
Boolean value for whether the string contains more Unicode code points than 'number'. Same as (u_countChar32(s, length)>number).
Draft:
This API has been introduced in ICU 2.4. It is still in draft state and may be modified in a future release.

int32_t u_strToLower UChar *    dest,
int32_t    destCapacity,
const UChar *    src,
int32_t    srcLength,
const char *    locale,
UErrorCode   pErrorCode
 

Lowercase the characters in a string.

Casing is locale-dependent and context-sensitive. The result may be longer or shorter than the original. The source string and the destination buffer are allowed to overlap.

Parameters:
dest  A buffer for the result string. The result will be zero-terminated if the buffer is large enough.
destCapacity  The size of the buffer (number of UChars). If it is 0, then dest may be NULL and the function will only return the length of the result without writing any of the result string.
src  The original string
srcLength  The length of the original string. If -1, then src must be zero-terminated.
locale  The locale to consider, or "" for the root locale or NULL for the default locale.
pErrorCode  Must be a valid pointer to an error code value, which must not indicate a failure before the function call.
Returns:
The length of the result string. It may be greater than destCapacity. In that case, only some of the result was written to the destination buffer.
Stable:
ICU 2.0

int32_t u_strToTitle UChar *    dest,
int32_t    destCapacity,
const UChar *    src,
int32_t    srcLength,
UBreakIterator   titleIter,
const char *    locale,
UErrorCode   pErrorCode
 

Titlecase a string.

Casing is locale-dependent and context-sensitive. Titlecasing uses a break iterator to find the first characters of words that are to be titlecased. It titlecases those characters and lowercases all others.

The titlecase break iterator can be provided to customize for arbitrary styles, using rules and dictionaries beyond the standard iterators. It may be more efficient to always provide an iterator to avoid opening and closing one for each string. The standard titlecase iterator for the root locale implements the algorithm of Unicode TR 21.

This function uses only the first() and next() methods of the provided break iterator.

The result may be longer or shorter than the original. The source string and the destination buffer are allowed to overlap.

Parameters:
dest  A buffer for the result string. The result will be zero-terminated if the buffer is large enough.
destCapacity  The size of the buffer (number of UChars). If it is 0, then dest may be NULL and the function will only return the length of the result without writing any of the result string.
src  The original string
srcLength  The length of the original string. If -1, then src must be zero-terminated.
titleIter  A break iterator to find the first characters of words that are to be titlecased. If none is provided (NULL), then a standard titlecase break iterator is opened.
locale  The locale to consider, or "" for the root locale or NULL for the default locale.
pErrorCode  Must be a valid pointer to an error code value, which must not indicate a failure before the function call.
Returns:
The length of the result string. It may be greater than destCapacity. In that case, only some of the result was written to the destination buffer.
Stable:
ICU 2.1

UChar32* u_strToUTF32 UChar32   dest,
int32_t    destCapacity,
int32_t *    pDestLength,
const UChar *    src,
int32_t    srcLength,
UErrorCode   pErrorCode
 

Converts a sequence of UChars (UTF-16) to UTF32 units.

Parameters:
dest  A buffer for the result string. The result will be zero-terminated if the buffer is large enough.
destCapacity  The size of the buffer (number of UChar32s). If it is 0, then dest may be NULL and the function will only return the length of the result without writing any of the result string (pre-flighting).
pDestLength  A pointer to receive the number of units written to the destination. If pDestLength!=NULL then *pDestLength is always set to the number of output units corresponding to the transformation of all the input units, even in case of a buffer overflow.
src  The original source string
srcLength  The length of the original string. If -1, then src must be zero-terminated.
pErrorCode  Must be a valid pointer to an error code value, which must not indicate a failure before the function call.
Returns:
The pointer to destination buffer.
Stable:
ICU 2.0

char* u_strToUTF8 char *    dest,
int32_t    destCapacity,
int32_t *    pDestLength,
const UChar *    src,
int32_t    srcLength,
UErrorCode   pErrorCode
 

Converts a sequence of UChars (UTF-16) to UTF-8 bytes.

Parameters:
dest  A buffer for the result string. The result will be zero-terminated if the buffer is large enough.
destCapacity  The size of the buffer (number of chars). If it is 0, then dest may be NULL and the function will only return the length of the result without writing any of the result string (pre-flighting).
pDestLength  A pointer to receive the number of units written to the destination. If pDestLength!=NULL then *pDestLength is always set to the number of output units corresponding to the transformation of all the input units, even in case of a buffer overflow.
src  The original source string
srcLength  The length of the original string. If -1, then src must be zero-terminated.
pErrorCode  Must be a valid pointer to an error code value, which must not indicate a failure before the function call.
Returns:
The pointer to destination buffer.
Stable:
ICU 2.0

int32_t u_strToUpper UChar *    dest,
int32_t    destCapacity,
const UChar *    src,
int32_t    srcLength,
const char *    locale,
UErrorCode   pErrorCode
 

Uppercase the characters in a string.

Casing is locale-dependent and context-sensitive. The result may be longer or shorter than the original. The source string and the destination buffer are allowed to overlap.

Parameters:
dest  A buffer for the result string. The result will be zero-terminated if the buffer is large enough.
destCapacity  The size of the buffer (number of UChars). If it is 0, then dest may be NULL and the function will only return the length of the result without writing any of the result string.
src  The original string
srcLength  The length of the original string. If -1, then src must be zero-terminated.
locale  The locale to consider, or "" for the root locale or NULL for the default locale.
pErrorCode  Must be a valid pointer to an error code value, which must not indicate a failure before the function call.
Returns:
The length of the result string. It may be greater than destCapacity. In that case, only some of the result was written to the destination buffer.
Stable:
ICU 2.0

wchar_t* u_strToWCS wchar_t *    dest,
int32_t    destCapacity,
int32_t *    pDestLength,
const UChar *    src,
int32_t    srcLength,
UErrorCode   pErrorCode
 

Converts a sequence of UChars to wchar_t units.

Parameters:
dest  A buffer for the result string. The result will be zero-terminated if the buffer is large enough.
destCapacity  The size of the buffer (number of wchar_t's). If it is 0, then dest may be NULL and the function will only return the length of the result without writing any of the result string (pre-flighting).
pDestLength  A pointer to receive the number of units written to the destination. If pDestLength!=NULL then *pDestLength is always set to the number of output units corresponding to the transformation of all the input units, even in case of a buffer overflow.
src  The original source string
srcLength  The length of the original string. If -1, then src must be zero-terminated.
pErrorCode  Must be a valid pointer to an error code value, which must not indicate a failure before the function call.
Returns:
The pointer to destination buffer.
Stable:
ICU 2.0

int32_t u_strcasecmp const UChar *    s1,
const UChar *    s2,
uint32_t    options
 

Compare two strings case-insensitively using full case folding.

This is equivalent to u_strcmp(u_strFoldCase(s1, options), u_strFoldCase(s2, options)).

Parameters:
s1  A string to compare.
s2  A string to compare.
options  A bit set of options:
  • U_FOLD_CASE_DEFAULT or 0 is used for default options: Comparison in code unit order with default case folding.
  • U_COMPARE_CODE_POINT_ORDER Set to choose code point order instead of code unit order (see u_strCompare for details).
  • U_FOLD_CASE_EXCLUDE_SPECIAL_I
Returns:
A negative, zero, or positive integer indicating the comparison result.
Stable:
ICU 2.0

UChar* u_strcat UChar *    dst,
const UChar *    src
 

Concatenate two ustrings.

Appends a copy of src, including the null terminator, to dst. The initial copied character from src overwrites the null terminator in dst.

Parameters:
dst  The destination string.
src  The source string.
Returns:
A pointer to dst.
Stable:
ICU 2.0

UChar* u_strchr const UChar *    s,
UChar    c
 

Find the first occurrence of a BMP code point in a string.

A surrogate code point is found only if its match in the text is not part of a surrogate pair. A NUL character is found at the string terminator.

Parameters:
s  The string to search (NUL-terminated).
c  The BMP code point to find.
Returns:
A pointer to the first occurrence of c in s or NULL if c is not in s.
Stable:
ICU 2.0
See also:
u_strchr32 , u_memchr , u_strstr , u_strFindFirst

UChar* u_strchr32 const UChar *    s,
UChar32    c
 

Find the first occurrence of a code point in a string.

A surrogate code point is found only if its match in the text is not part of a surrogate pair. A NUL character is found at the string terminator.

Parameters:
s  The string to search (NUL-terminated).
c  The code point to find.
Returns:
A pointer to the first occurrence of c in s or NULL if c is not in s.
Stable:
ICU 2.0
See also:
u_strchr , u_memchr32 , u_strstr , u_strFindFirst

int32_t u_strcmp const UChar *    s1,
const UChar *    s2
 

Compare two Unicode strings for bitwise equality (code unit order).

Parameters:
s1  A string to compare.
s2  A string to compare.
Returns:
0 if s1 and s2 are bitwise equal; a negative value if s1 is bitwise less than s2,/code>; a positive value if s1 is bitwise greater than s2.
Stable:
ICU 2.0

int32_t u_strcmpCodePointOrder const UChar *    s1,
const UChar *    s2
 

Compare two Unicode strings in code point order.

See u_strCompare for details.

Parameters:
s1  A string to compare.
s2  A string to compare.
Returns:
a negative/zero/positive integer corresponding to whether the first string is less than/equal to/greater than the second one in code point order
Stable:
ICU 2.0

UChar* u_strcpy UChar *    dst,
const UChar *    src
 

Copy a ustring.

Adds a null terminator.

Parameters:
dst  The destination string.
src  The source string.
Returns:
A pointer to dst.
Stable:
ICU 2.0

int32_t u_strcspn const UChar *    string,
const UChar *    matchSet
 

Returns the number of consecutive characters in string, beginning with the first, that do not occur somewhere in matchSet.

Works just like C's strcspn but with Unicode.

Parameters:
string  The string in which to search, NUL-terminated.
matchSet  A NUL-terminated string defining a set of code points for which to search in the text string.
Returns:
The number of initial characters in string that do not occur in matchSet.
See also:
u_strspn
Stable:
ICU 2.0

int32_t u_strlen const UChar *    s
 

Determine the length of an array of UChar.

Parameters:
s  The array of UChars, NULL (U+0000) terminated.
Returns:
The number of UChars in chars, minus the terminator.
Stable:
ICU 2.0

Referenced by UnicodeString::endsWith().

int32_t u_strncasecmp const UChar *    s1,
const UChar *    s2,
int32_t    n,
uint32_t    options
 

Compare two strings case-insensitively using full case folding.

This is equivalent to u_strcmp(u_strFoldCase(s1, at most n, options), u_strFoldCase(s2, at most n, options)).

Parameters:
s1  A string to compare.
s2  A string to compare.
n  The maximum number of characters each string to case-fold and then compare.
options  A bit set of options:
  • U_FOLD_CASE_DEFAULT or 0 is used for default options: Comparison in code unit order with default case folding.
  • U_COMPARE_CODE_POINT_ORDER Set to choose code point order instead of code unit order (see u_strCompare for details).
  • U_FOLD_CASE_EXCLUDE_SPECIAL_I
Returns:
A negative, zero, or positive integer indicating the comparison result.
Stable:
ICU 2.0

UChar* u_strncat UChar *    dst,
const UChar *    src,
int32_t    n
 

Concatenate two ustrings.

Appends at most n characters from src to dst. Adds a terminating NUL. If src is too long, then only n-1 characters will be copied before the terminating NUL. If n<=0 then dst is not modified.

Parameters:
dst  The destination string.
src  The source string.
n  The maximum number of characters to compare.
Returns:
A pointer to dst.
Stable:
ICU 2.0

int32_t u_strncmp const UChar *    ucs1,
const UChar *    ucs2,
int32_t    n
 

Compare two ustrings for bitwise equality.

Compares at most n characters.

Parameters:
ucs1  A string to compare.
ucs2  A string to compare.
n  The maximum number of characters to compare.
Returns:
0 if s1 and s2 are bitwise equal; a negative value if s1 is bitwise less than s2,/code>; a positive value if s1 is bitwise greater than s2,/code>.
Stable:
ICU 2.0

int32_t u_strncmpCodePointOrder const UChar *    s1,
const UChar *    s2,
int32_t    n
 

Compare two Unicode strings in code point order.

This is different in UTF-16 from u_strncmp() if supplementary characters are present. For details, see u_strCompare().

Parameters:
s1  A string to compare.
s2  A string to compare.
n  The maximum number of characters to compare.
Returns:
a negative/zero/positive integer corresponding to whether the first string is less than/equal to/greater than the second one in code point order
Stable:
ICU 2.0

UChar* u_strncpy UChar *    dst,
const UChar *    src,
int32_t    n
 

Copy a ustring.

Copies at most n characters. The result will be null terminated if the length of src is less than n.

Parameters:
dst  The destination string.
src  The source string.
n  The maximum number of characters to copy.
Returns:
A pointer to dst.
Stable:
ICU 2.0

UChar* u_strpbrk const UChar *    string,
const UChar *    matchSet
 

Locates the first occurrence in the string string of any of the characters in the string matchSet.

Works just like C's strpbrk but with Unicode.

Parameters:
string  The string in which to search, NUL-terminated.
matchSet  A NUL-terminated string defining a set of code points for which to search in the text string.
Returns:
A pointer to the character in string that matches one of the characters in matchSet, or NULL if no such character is found.
Stable:
ICU 2.0

UChar* u_strrchr const UChar *    s,
UChar    c
 

Find the last occurrence of a BMP code point in a string.

A surrogate code point is found only if its match in the text is not part of a surrogate pair. A NUL character is found at the string terminator.

Parameters:
s  The string to search (NUL-terminated).
c  The BMP code point to find.
Returns:
A pointer to the last occurrence of c in s or NULL if c is not in s.
Draft:
This API has been introduced in ICU 2.4 @see u_strrchr32 @see u_memrchr @see u_strrstr @see u_strFindLast. It is still in draft state and may be modified in a future release.

UChar* u_strrchr32 const UChar *    s,
UChar32    c
 

Find the last occurrence of a code point in a string.

A surrogate code point is found only if its match in the text is not part of a surrogate pair. A NUL character is found at the string terminator.

Parameters:
s  The string to search (NUL-terminated).
c  The code point to find.
Returns:
A pointer to the last occurrence of c in s or NULL if c is not in s.
Draft:
This API has been introduced in ICU 2.4 @see u_strrchr @see u_memchr32 @see u_strrstr @see u_strFindLast. It is still in draft state and may be modified in a future release.

UChar* u_strrstr const UChar *    s,
const UChar *    substring
 

Find the last occurrence of a substring in a string.

The substring is found at code point boundaries. That means that if the substring begins with a trail surrogate or ends with a lead surrogate, then it is found only if these surrogates stand alone in the text. Otherwise, the substring edge units would be matched against halves of surrogate pairs.

Parameters:
s  The string to search (NUL-terminated).
substring  The substring to find (NUL-terminated).
Returns:
A pointer to the last occurrence of substring in s, or s itself if the substring is empty, or NULL if substring is not in s.
Draft:
This API has been introduced in ICU 2.4 @see u_strstr @see u_strFindFirst @see u_strFindLast. It is still in draft state and may be modified in a future release.

int32_t u_strspn const UChar *    string,
const UChar *    matchSet
 

Returns the number of consecutive characters in string, beginning with the first, that occur somewhere in matchSet.

Works just like C's strspn but with Unicode.

Parameters:
string  The string in which to search, NUL-terminated.
matchSet  A NUL-terminated string defining a set of code points for which to search in the text string.
Returns:
The number of initial characters in string that do occur in matchSet.
See also:
u_strcspn
Stable:
ICU 2.0

UChar* u_strstr const UChar *    s,
const UChar *    substring
 

Find the first occurrence of a substring in a string.

The substring is found at code point boundaries. That means that if the substring begins with a trail surrogate or ends with a lead surrogate, then it is found only if these surrogates stand alone in the text. Otherwise, the substring edge units would be matched against halves of surrogate pairs.

Parameters:
s  The string to search (NUL-terminated).
substring  The substring to find (NUL-terminated).
Returns:
A pointer to the first occurrence of substring in s, or s itself if the substring is empty, or NULL if substring is not in s.
Stable:
ICU 2.0
See also:
u_strrstr , u_strFindFirst , u_strFindLast

UChar* u_strtok_r UChar *    src,
const UChar *    delim,
UChar **    saveState
 

The string tokenizer API allows an application to break a string into tokens.

Unlike strtok(), the saveState (the current pointer within the original string) is maintained in saveState. In the first call, the argument src is a pointer to the string. In subsequent calls to return successive tokens of that string, src must be specified as NULL. The value saveState is set by this function to maintain the function's position within the string, and on each subsequent call you must give this argument the same variable. This function does handle surrogate pairs. This function is similar to the strtok_r() the POSIX Threads Extension (1003.1c-1995) version.

Parameters:
src  String containing token(s). This string will be modified. After the first call to u_strtok_r(), this argument must be NULL to get to the next token.
delim  Set of delimiter characters (Unicode code points).
saveState  The current pointer within the original string, which is set by this function. The saveState parameter should the address of a local variable of type UChar *. (i.e. defined "Uhar *myLocalSaveState" and use &myLocalSaveState for this parameter).
Returns:
A pointer to the next token found in src, or NULL when there are no more tokens.
Stable:
ICU 2.0

UChar* u_uastrcpy UChar *    dst,
const char *    src
 

Copy a byte string encoded in the default codepage to a ustring.

Adds a null terminator. Performs a host byte to UChar conversion

Parameters:
dst  The destination string.
src  The source string.
Returns:
A pointer to dst.
Stable:
ICU 2.0

UChar* u_uastrncpy UChar *    dst,
const char *    src,
int32_t    n
 

Copy a byte string encoded in the default codepage to a ustring.

Copies at most n characters. The result will be null terminated if the length of src is less than n. Performs a host byte to UChar conversion

Parameters:
dst  The destination string.
src  The source string.
n  The maximum number of characters to copy.
Returns:
A pointer to dst.
Stable:
ICU 2.0

int32_t u_unescape const char *    src,
UChar *    dest,
int32_t    destCapacity
 

Unescape a string of characters and write the resulting Unicode characters to the destination buffer.

The following escape sequences are recognized:

\uhhhh 4 hex digits; h in [0-9A-Fa-f] \Uhhhhhhhh 8 hex digits \xhh 1-2 hex digits \x{h...} 1-8 hex digits \ooo 1-3 octal digits; o in [0-7] \cX control-X; X is masked with 0x1F

as well as the standard ANSI C escapes:

=> U+0007, => U+0008, \t => U+0009,
=> U+000A, \v => U+000B, \f => U+000C, \r => U+000D, => U+001B, \" => U+0022, \' => U+0027, \? => U+003F, \ => U+005C

Anything else following a backslash is generically escaped. For example, "[a\-z]" returns "[a-z]".

If an escape sequence is ill-formed, this method returns an empty string. An example of an ill-formed sequence is "\u" followed by fewer than 4 hex digits.

The above characters are recognized in the compiler's codepage, that is, they are coded as 'u', '\', etc. Characters that are not parts of escape sequences are converted using u_charsToUChars().

This function is similar to UnicodeString::unescape() but not identical to it. The latter takes a source UnicodeString, so it does escape recognition but no conversion.

Parameters:
src  a zero-terminated string of invariant characters
dest  pointer to buffer to receive converted and unescaped text and, if there is room, a zero terminator. May be NULL for preflighting, in which case no UChars will be written, but the return value will still be valid. On error, an empty string is stored here (if possible).
destCapacity  the number of UChars that may be written at dest. Ignored if dest == NULL.
Returns:
the length of unescaped string.
See also:
u_unescapeAt , UnicodeString::unescape() , UnicodeString::unescapeAt()
Stable:
ICU 2.0

UChar32 u_unescapeAt UNESCAPE_CHAR_AT    charAt,
int32_t *    offset,
int32_t    length,
void *    context
 

Unescape a single sequence.

The character at offset-1 is assumed (without checking) to be a backslash. This method takes a callback pointer to a function that returns the UChar at a given offset. By varying this callback, ICU functions are able to unescape char* strings, UnicodeString objects, and UFILE pointers.

If offset is out of range, or if the escape sequence is ill-formed, (UChar32)0xFFFFFFFF is returned. See documentation of u_unescape() for a list of recognized sequences.

Parameters:
charAt  callback function that returns a UChar of the source text given an offset and a context pointer.
offset  pointer to the offset that will be passed to charAt. The offset value will be updated upon return to point after the last parsed character of the escape sequence. On error the offset is unchanged.
length  the number of characters in the source text. The last character of the source text is considered to be at offset length-1.
context  an opaque pointer passed directly into charAt.
Returns:
the character represented by the escape sequence at offset, or (UChar32)0xFFFFFFFF on error.
See also:
u_unescape() , UnicodeString::unescape() , UnicodeString::unescapeAt()
Stable:
ICU 2.0


Generated on Mon Nov 24 14:36:09 2003 for ICU 2.8 by doxygen1.2.11.1 written by Dimitri van Heesch, © 1997-2001